O Captain! My Captain! Essay

Every decision concerning the ship and the crew is made by the captain; he has great responsibility for his people. By carrying the title ‘captain’, he agrees to attend to all duties as leader of the ship. Part of the captain’s job is to give orders and to demand that they will be followed accordingly; his main concern is the safety of his crew. Sometimes, the crew doesn’t seem to agree with the rules and limitations that were made by the captain, and that makes it difficult to obey them. These rules can create fear and distance between the captain and his people. But, eventually, the crew will realize that the captain had made those rules for their own good. Once they will come to this realization, they will start to respect and to trust their captain completely. They will feel safe when he is around them; they will start looking at him as their anchor. A father is much like a captain, yet, different. A father, like the captain, takes his kids on a journey, the journey of life. He is responsible for their safety and well being through out the journey. In order for this journey to be a successful one, the father has to give rules and to create limitations for his kids. Growing up, the kids understand that every rule and every limitation that was made by their father was for their own good. They start to respect and trust their father; they seek advice from him and they view him as their source of comfort. A father differs from a captain. How so? A father loves his kids. Every decision or rule that he makes is enveloped with warmth and love. The distance that is created between the captain and his crew due to the rules and limits will not be as strong when it comes to a father and his kids; his eternal love for them will allow him to break the rules sometimes. The kids’ love for their father will allow them to get closer to him; closeness that can never exist between a captain and his crew. Whitman sees Lincoln as the captain of the ship but also as the father of the citizens. To him, Lincoln was a unique leader; he had the qualities of a captain and the qualities of a father. Lincoln was able to set the necessary rules and restrictions in order to overcome the challenges arose by the civil war. He knew how to lead the country in the right direction towards victory. But, he was also a father. Every one of his acts and decisions were enveloped with true love towards his citizens. I have recently watched the movie â€Å"Dead Poet society†. The movie talks about an English teacher who comes to teach a group of privileged students. Through out the movie, the students refer to their new teacher as their captain. They feel for their teacher what Whitman felt for Lincoln. They view the teacher as the person who guides them through the learning process of poetry, but they also, like Whitman, feel that every act or step that was made by the teacher is enveloped with love for his beloved students. Whitman refers to Lincoln as a father only in the second and third paragraphs but not in the first one. The first paragraph talks about the victory, the steadiness and the happiness of the country and its citizens. Whitman doesn’t see Lincoln in his weak moments; he sees him as a captain, a strong figure that every one admires. The other two paragraphs talk about the death of the strong man, the captain. In these moments, Whitman feels close to him, he cares for him like a son cares for his dying father; he wants to help him.

A Contemporary Critique on Murasaki Shikibu’s The Tale of Genji Essay

The Heian court and the social structure it provided is a compelling aspect of Japanese history. The 21st century reader is intrigued by such an era and its artistic representations because the general norms, collective conscious, and interpersonal relationships seem to be in clear contrast with the social practices of today. At face value, it appears that Murasaki Shikibu’s discontentment with the aforementioned characteristics of court life manifested itself within the pages of The Tale of Genji. The acclaimed Russian novelist Vladimir Nabokov once stated, â€Å"A masterpiece of fiction is an original world and as such is not likely to fit the world of the reader. † Thus, although Murasaki Shikibu’s work is deeply rooted in exposing the pretense associated with Heian court social rank, marriage practices, and feminine submissiveness, she managed to create a world for Genji which tested the limits of his emotional threshold and, by default, relatable with modern/epic protagonists. Moreover, because the modern audience can at times feel sympathetic toward Genji by relating to his emotional range (i. grief through ecstasy) and psychological abnormalities, The Tale of Genji’s status as a timeless masterpiece is merited. Had Genji been a detached lover with no emotional and psychological depth, Murasaki Shikibu’s work and reputation would not have seen the light of day outside of the court she was heavily critiquing. This essay will compare the qualities depicted in The Tale of Genji with other works that are highly regarded as masterpieces while shedding light on the differences which can be seen as a more direct jab at Heian readership. There is a notion in philosophical theory that is used to show that the ‘robber and the robbed’ share a mutual existence dictated by past events. Their meeting, the robbery, is the climax of their distinct lifelong plots. The idea that humans are simply ‘victims of circumstance’ applies directly to Genji as can be seen through his decisions and amorous plight. Through the first few chapters of Murasaki Shikibu’s tale, the audience can infer on the surface that the plot revolves around the development of the protagonist’s Oedipus complex. Upon meeting young Murasaki whose resemblance to Fujitsubo was ‘astonishing’, the author specifies Genji’s yearning for Fujitsubo as the reason he was brought to tears (Murasaki 71). Although inquiries of Genji’s psychological state are not without merit, the bond between Murasaki’s work and Sophocles’ Oedipus the King delves much deeper. The growth and development of Genji’s character and traits do a bit more than clarify his current actions: should one have started reading at the â€Å"Lavender† chapter, it provides an insight to a past riddled with complexity. Through Genji’s dialogues and decisions regarding dilemmas of the heart the readership is given a man who, involved with the particular situations Genji had experienced, would most likely act in a similar fashion to Genji. Every act through Oedipus the King paints a picture for the reader of the power that emotional disposition has over Oedipus and his quests, which is not at all unlike Genji himself. After hearing about the crimes he was to commit, how can a reader not feel sympathetic towards his pursuit for independence from the oracle? In similar fashion to this masterpiece, Murasaki utilized the tool of plot reappearance across characters and time settings to give readership the sense that Genji was predisposed to repeat past deeds. After the death of Genji’s mother, the emperor (Genji’s father), was in mourning and grief and seeking to fill the void left over. After coming across the remarkable beauty of Fujitsubo and in an effort to bring her in, the emperor stated that he would â€Å"treat the girl as one of his daughters† and adding that given Genji’s resemblance to her, she â€Å"could pass for his mother† (Murasaki 22). As previously mentioned, this father-like quality resurfaced in Genji’s admiration for Murasaki. However, a distinct difference is that Genji’s paternal instinct is more or less a fabrication resulting from the impediment, put in place by Murasaki’s nurse, of his unyielding desire to make her his future lover: â€Å"It is you who do not understand. I see how young she is, and I have nothing of the sort in mind. I must again ask you to be witness to the depth and purity of my feelings†¦How can she bear to live in such a lonely place? (Murasaki 95). At this point, one can see the psychological abnormalities developed in Genji which were not corrected by his upbringing; in fact, witnessing his father’s adamant love for this exact model of beauty might have amplified the effect on his behavior. When Oedipus proclaimed the total expulsion of the murderer who was still unknown (practically accepting Jocasta, his mother, as his wife), the knowledge of the f oreseeable future which the readership possessed allowed one to feel the helplessness which Oedipus embodied. Much to the same effect, is the reader supposed to feel that Genji does not have the ability escape fate? One can infer that Murasaki’s response to this is a resounding â€Å"No†. Although the similarities between the two works are many, the major difference lies in two factors: Oedipus’ fate was sealed, and, prior to his emotional endeavor regarding the oracle’s prophecy, he was an exemplary combination of leadership and intelligence which suited a king well. Even though Murasaki gave Genji an emotional depth, she left out the qualities of critical thought and consideration for others. Doing so, Murasaki left Genji at the mercy of his circumstances without his fate being set in stone, and, thus continuing the chauvinistic characteristic of male aristocrats of the time. Through her literary prowess, Murasaki subtly but effectively proclaimed that high rank/position did not equate to intellectual superiority nor did it predetermine that all aristocrats in those positions were fit to rule as can be witnessed by Genji’s preoccupation with his love affairs and not the further betterment of court reputation or intellect. Another ubiquitously renowned masterpiece with similar sexual deviance from its protagonist is Homer’s The Odyssey. Odysseus’ journey to return home to his wife is juxtaposed with temptation by utmost beauty which ultimately leads him to succumb to the latter. In academic circles, the reunion with his wife is seen as one of the most romantic scenes in literary history; yet, there seems to be a lack of uproar regarding his adventures with Calypso and Circe. On the other hand (with critical awareness of the social norms of the time), Genji is met with great disdain by the general audience. In comparison to The Tale of Genji, the similarity lies with the degree of sympathy the protagonists evoke more so than the actual plot: although both characters had multiple extramarital affairs, does Odysseus’ long term physical displacement conjure up a greater forgiveness from the readership s oppose to Genji’s emotional dissatisfaction with his current state of affairs? The fact that Murasaki’s work, more specifically her protagonist Genji, is able to invoke an amount of emotional response from contemporary audiences comparable to that of The Odyssey without relying on 20 years of desolation from its main character in itself should merit the reputation it has received. In regards to the previously mentioned question, Murasaki would probably be displeased with Odysseus’ affairs. Although universally accepted justification would never be reached, his unfading love for Penelope goes without question. The major difference between the two protagonists lies in their response to utmost beauty. Facing Calypso, Odysseus admits that she is far more beautiful than his wife who is a mere mortal, but that he â€Å"pines† all his days to see his return to her (Lawall et. al 265). Genji, on the other hand, falls ‘prey to the female’. Murasaki’s commentary on relationships lies in the deliberate absence of discernment in Genji and his state of being out of touch with reality. Moreover, his narrow focus on beauty does not allow him to see the combination of flaws and qualities that all women possess; thus, his longing for the specific mold of beauty he yearns for seen in the beginning of Murasaki’s work holds no merit and thus, true sympathy fails to reach Genji’s amorous quest. This notion is exemplified by Murasaki’s narration describing Fujitsubo’s beauty: â€Å"There was no one else quite like her. In that fact was his undoing: he would be less a prey to longing if he could find in her even a trace of the ordinary† (Murasaki 86). Furthermore, Murasaki leaves no indication that Genji exhausted all possibilities in an attempt to make love work with Aoi (or even Rokujo); this would at least add some credibility to his dissatisfaction with them. Instead, he utilizes their unfavorable idiosyncrasies as further incentive for his extramarital adventures. Murasaki expresses her own dissatisfaction with marriage practices/relationships, in essence, by making the case that male aristocrats at court lack the judgment and intellect (which is supposed to be innate to them given the hierarchal structure of the society at the time) to fully comprehend and appreciate the complexity of women and lack the consideration to take into account that their actions affect not only hemselves. All in all, the clearest insight to Murasaki’s critique of Heian structure, rank, and interpersonal outlook comes directly from Genji and it sounds as if Murasaki implied to state the true intentions of Heian male aristocrats: â€Å"I am weak and indecisive by nature myself, and a woman who is quiet and withdrawn and follows the wishes of a man even to the point of letting herself be used has much the greater appeal. A man can shape and mold her as he wishes, and becomes fonder of her all the while† (Murasaki 62). Lastly, Heian era Japan was not the only male dominated civilization and this type of society has not yet disappeared. The fact that one can use the same critiques Murasaki masterfully made about Heian court to dispute manifestations of chauvinism in certain aspects of society today solidifies The Tale of Genji as a masterpiece which stood the test of time.

Student Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Student Analysis - Essay Example I do not blame her nativity though, neither her ignorance. However, responding to a topic one has no adequate knowledge of is not a simple task. She does well though in explaining why she feels that her failure to understand the deer problem is Kristof’s fault. Despite the fact that she defends her ignorance on the deer problem by pointing out that many people are as confused as she is, she does not give enough evidence supporting this argument. Nonetheless, she agrees that Kristof has a point that there is a problem with the deer. Swinton successfully though convinces the reader that the failure of Kristof to give solid evidence on the deer problem is the main reason for her ignorance. This is understandable, especially because of her assertion that in the short essay, Kristof did not adequately raise enough arguments to support his thesis. She agrees that he is convincing enough on the fact that the deer problem needs a solution. However, she takes a stand that there must be alternative solutions to the problem, rather than just hunting

Ethics in Organizational Leadership Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Ethics in Organizational Leadership - Essay Example It explains that an act is ethical if it gives beneficial gains rather than pain. Employees’ acts are therefore ethical if it gives high benefit outcomes (Arnold, et al., 2013, p.89) This theory is based upon the social virtues in outlining code of conducts that regulates wrong or right and its major focus is on intrinsic worthiness that a given society share such as honesty, integrity etc. In this theory, wrong and right are judged based on the set regulations that have been formulated (Arnold, et al., 2013, p.89). The employees are therefore bound ethically to abide by the organizational/ professional rules in place. A conflict of misunderstanding would erupt if the virtues and moral baselines differ between a leader who has been socialized into different moral standards and those of the employees owing to cultural differences. The Virtual theory is based on virtues but these virtues may differ and a leader may have different moral values and virtues different from the employees. The three theories of ethics significantly differ in their baseline account for ethics but they join together in conceptualizing the communal/collective formulation of ethical standards; it is a group duty and not individual. The three differ in tracing the source of ethical

Health and Homelessness Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Health and Homelessness - Essay Example Common health predicaments and service issues Drugs In the case of homeless people, especially rough sleepers, there is a higher rate of morbidity and mortality as compared to the general population. What this implies is that homeless people tend to have a lower or average lifespan than the general population. In this instance, the main problem is drug overdependence, and the exploitation of intravenous drugs, which results in the spread of diseases and viruses such as HIV, Hepatitis B & C, cellulitis, among others (Baggott, Allsop & Jones 2005). Furthermore, the use of schedule 1 drugs that are not meant for medicinal purposes such as heroin and crack cocaine also increases the mortality and morbidity among the homeless people. The use of such drugs makes it hard for medical practitioners to deal or treat individuals with different medical problems. Sometimes, homeless people can just get into different medical centers just to get drugs, which prevents the process of rehabilitation (Baggot 2011). Drug treatments have now different nationally accepted outcomes. The prescription of drugs to homeless patients depends on the patients, the general practitioners, and the drug workers. The different individual circumstances might also aid in determining the outcomes of the strategies employed to cater to the different individuals present (CSDH 2008). Detoxification can only work with the cessation of drug use and/or provision from drug workers. Frenzied users may not prefer such an approach since it is not practicable or realistic.

Sauer's Cultural Landscape Geography Assignment

Sauer's Cultural Landscape Geography - Assignment Example Under the influence of Carl Sauer, cultural landscape geography developed as the main branch of geography.   â€Å"Sauer was explicitly concerned to counter an environmental determinism which had dominated the American geography of the previous generation, within which human agency was given scant autonomy in the shaping of the visible landscape ».He believed that culture is the main force in shaping all visible features of the physical environment of the earth’s surface and he calls it ‘human cultural activities.’ They provoke action, responses, and adaptation by humans. He touches the cultural traits imposed by Europeans during colonization on various parts of the world and says that this cultural imposition on pre-existing cultures, shaped these new cultures in a different way. â€Å"Culture is the agent, the natural area is the medium, the cultural landscape is the result. Under the influence of a given culture, itself changing through time, the landscap e undergoes development, passing through phases, and probably reaching ultimately the end of its cycle of development. With the introduction of a different – that is an alien – culture, a rejuvenation of the cultural landscape sets in, or a new landscape is superimposed on remnants of an older one,† Sauer (1925), The Morphology of Landscape.† University of California Publications.French regional geography was a model of what Sauer propagated. French seafarers were crowned with initial success and the French school of geography was highly influential. It ‘†¦became known for its descriptive regional monographs presented in a lucid and flowing manner, human and historical geography was its forte.’ Even though there were criticisms that the emphasis has shifted several times between the approaches and viewpoints, all geographers had recognized their interdependence and complimentary importance. There is no denying that French regional geograph y also reflected the historical and military developments of the country. Talking about a hundred years’ war between France and Britain, Sauer says (Northern Mists) that France lost most of her ports and her north and southwest regions were ravaged.

Performance mgmt Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Performance mgmt - Essay Example The suggested style is to begin by leading through example among managers and understanding why the difficult employees behave like they do. In the course of this understanding, root causes will be unearthed and lasting solutions found for the growth and profitability of the enterprise. 1. Pay attention: to correct unwanted employee behavior, it is important that the responsible managers do not ignore the difficult employees when they act inappropriately. By yelling at these staff, the root causes of their actions will not be identified and the end result being lack of productivity and further rebellion. 2. Take immediate action: Managers should act as soon as possible on poor behavior when evidence of such is witnessed. Failure to act in real time will lead to further escalation of the problem. It is sometime notable that a number of employees with misconduct issues do not realize that their actions are offensive to others around them and therefore immediate action goes a long way in bringing to their attention the wrongs in their actions for subsequent corrections. 3. Carry out a personal investigation of the problem: After sufficient investigation by the manager, it is important that he calls the person to a private meeting to find out if he knows about the said misbehavior. If it is determined that he is not aware of the conducts as inappropriate, then a clear explanation should be made to him on what is considered appropriate and what is not (Williams, p 48). The employee should in this meeting be given the chance to respond to the allegations by the manager to help further shed light into the root causes of the problem. 4. Provide support: It is the responsibility of managers upon taking note of negative behaviors and discussing them with the affected discussing employee to initiate a coaching program aimed at helping these members of staff adopt better and acceptable behavior in work places. It is

Where next for Grant Garden Centres Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Where next for Grant Garden Centres - Essay Example The centre also had a single operating location, in the South East region of England. After taking over, Grant reinvested virtually all profits back into the company, opening two additional branches (Westgarth, 2012). He also renamed the garden centres to â€Å"Grant Garden Centres†. Grant’s passion for gardening makes him adhere strictly to the traditional form of garden centre management, where the head gardener makes all the relevant business decisions and the rest of staff follows. Grant also expects his children, Jane and Malcolm, to toe the line, without any compromise (Pepper, Jackson and Uzzell, 2009, pp. 126–136). The authoritarian management style is costing the business numerous opportunities. For instance, there is a high labour turnover, since workers are not given an opportunity to contribute. Additionally, the firm still uses conventional advertisement methods and it does not have up-to-date technology systems, making it lag behind competitors. To remedy the situation and set the business on a path towards development and profitability, radical changes must be made in the different business functions. External Environment Analysis Technology Technology is one of the principal factors to consider in running a contemporary business setting, failure to which a business is left behind by competitors (Patterson, 2011). This is one of the principal factors negating Grant Garden Centres’ proper performance, in a highly competitive environment. The Establishment lacks an up-to-date IT system, an aspect which hinders proper control of stock. The poor technological capacity also inhibits proper financial management. Development deterrence stems from the fact that, virtually all company operations have to be done manually for each centre, making financial evaluation and stock regulation a highly difficult task. Another technological aspect, affecting gardening centres, is utilization of social media and websites as advertisement platforms. This is barely applied in the case of Grant Garden Centres, thus dragging the establishment behind its rivals (Burke, 2009, p.72). Socio-cultural Aspects The other crucial external environment factor likely to affect the gardening business is the socio-cultural environment. This is because the Centres have to interact with customers, especially due to the services segment of operations. Evident from the business’ profile, Grant Garden does not take social aspects of society into consideration, while carrying out its operations. This is an aspect attributable to Grant’s perception that, customers solely care about the plants that the Centres supply. One of his children, Jane, is largely opposed to this notion and her principal interest is in developing an establishment that plays a significant role in the community, as well as, works with stakeholders to guarantee each partisan’s benefit. If the Company were to adopt Jane’s proposal of enhanced engagement in Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) then the Centres’ popularity among community members and other individuals would be propelled to great heights. For instance, Grant Garden Centres could formulate and execute educational programs that focus on increasing people’s awareness of gardening. Such programs would foster individuals’ interest in plants and landscaping concerns thus broadening the Company’s customer base and even appealing to the younger generation. Strengths and Weaknesses Marketing Just like everything else in the Company, marketing methods are dictated by Grant. It is Jane’s responsibility to focus on the stipulated marketing strategies, which principally entail advertisement in the

Atenism as Related to Henotheism, Monotheism, and Polytheism Research Paper

Atenism as Related to Henotheism, Monotheism, and Polytheism - Research Paper Example It was a peaceful religion with brotherhood and kindness, taking precedence over the activities of daily living. Although many have considered it a type of pre-cursor to monotheism; there is no proof that it was; neither was it polytheism. It was actually a quasi-blend of the two more associated with the New Age religions, also known as henotheism. Atenism as Related to Henotheism, Monotheism, and Polytheism Initially one can say there are elements of monotheism, polytheism, and henotheism intrinsic to the ancient Egyptian religion of Atenism. In taking a closer look, Atenism is not polytheism, the worship of many gods and goddesses, or monotheism, the worship of one close and personal god, exclusive of all others, but more closely related to henotheism, a blend of the two where there is one main deity, either with multiple manifestations and names, or one main deity with many associates. While early Egyptologists felt that Atenism was a predecessor of monotheism, there has been no p roof linking that cult with today’s traditional monotheistic beliefs. (Lawlor, 2007) Atenism is the religion associated with the worship of Aten, the sun disk, who until about the 12th century B.C., was just one of the many gods and goddesses associated with ancient Egyptian religion. ... worship of other gods was permitted; however within five years of its introduction; Atenism had become the supreme religion with only one Supreme Being worshipped. During this time, Amenhotep IV changed his name to Akhenaton, Glorious Spirit of the Aten, beneficial to Aten. He then proceeded to build a new city in honor of Aten, Akhenaten, the horizon of the sun disc; it is near what is known today as Amarna, between Thebes and Memphis in the Valley of the Kings. There is some speculation that since pharaohs were thought to be deity personified that perhaps Akhenaton was, as well, the messenger person for Aten. (Geller,2002) With the installation of Aten, nine years from the beginning of Akhenaton’s reign, all traces of Amun, the previous supreme deity, were erased even to the point of chiseling the inscription off of temples, statues and entering tombs to remove all traces of the former deity. This was a common practice aimed at removing the old and instituting the new as tho ugh the old never existed; it continues with Egyptian history today, as the national history books are re-edited with the installation of new leaders, showing the previous leaders as ineffective and requiring replacement. (Geller, 2002) In Atenism, God is seen as loving and beneficent, protecting and supporting his people through his very presence, which is real enough, though not personally involved. He is not seen as authoritarian, judgmental, and justice-oriented. The worship of idols was banned, and all references to Aten in written form were shown using a sun disk whose rays culminated in upraised hands. Later, Akhenaton permitted it to be written phonetically; a symbol of his radicalism in the new religion.

Ethical Decision Making Essay Example for Free

Ethical Decision Making Essay This is to bring to your kind notice that recently we have received a report from the quality assurance department regarding the toy collection which has been recently been made for elementary schools for our South American client. The toys made did not pass the quality check as it includes a metal whistle, which contains high percentage of led which is highly harmful for the children. The shipment needs to be left by the end of the week. There are three different alternatives that I would like to propose: Firstly, we should send the toys neglecting the quality report. This is not an ethical alternative as we are ignoring the quality report of the toys; this decision will highly impact the health of the children. Also, it is disadvantage of company in terms of financial and legal consideration because It is illegal sending unhealthy/uncertified thing as a brand new toy without notifying customer. Advantage is: This alternative would enable us to send the order on time and would save the cost to reproduce the toy. It is going to be advantage of company. Company has to do something in long term process. You can send the product and neglect the quality but if other part realized this issue, you will be lose your credit. Significant thing is realizing that it is going to disadvantage of company. Maybe your advantage will be saving money but it is going to just for this time. 100% make sure that they will realize this issue and give negative feedback about you. I want to give nice example about this situation. Last year Toyota Company called all its customers and informed that there is something wrong with new released cars` breaks. It needs to be fixed as soon as possible. It is fact that Toyota lost millions dollar but he saved his all customer and gain respect from all over the world. People saw that if any product goes wrong with this company they will be informed. This is important example for company that neglecting quality is going to earn you nothing. Your product is your responsibility. Ethics involves the community politics at the level of values–not just what can be achieved or how to achieve it, but more what should be fairness. Ignoring customers and neglecting quality is not the ethical way Secondly, we must reproduce and repack the toy collection with the assured quality and send to the customer. This alternative will lead to extend of the delivery of the toy to the customer and will entail the cost of $100000. This way is the best one. It will have some temporary disadvantages but you will get customers` respect. They will see that you are behind of your product and giving guarantee. It will cost huge money to company and some negative effects of extend deliver time but as I said in previous section best companies choose this way to satisfy their customers. Definition of ethic is: being in accordance with the rules or standards for right conduct or practice, especially the standards of a profession. Breaking the profession is not ethical Way. This method is the ethical way you inform the company about your products and asking for extra time to reproduce. The last option is to cancel the order. This will affect the relationship with the customer. Also, it will affect the company negatively for future orders because since you cancel the order last minutes, your value on customer is going to be negative because time is money and company lose time because of you. Additionally, possible that they can post negative feedback about your company on website and it is going to very negative idea about your company on existed or new customers. Advantage is customers will see that this company does not sell any unhealthy or uncertified products. Also, selling unhealthy product is illegal and possible company may sue you. It will cost you thousands dollar. I mean it can affect you negatively in terms of financial. Customer maybe not going to buy anything from you again but they will see that you are producing brand new quality product. Possible they will refer you to other customers since you are behind of your product. Among the three alternatives, the best option is to choose on reproduce the toys again. Social Responsibility refers to operating a business in a manner that accounts for the social and environmental impact created by the business. It means a commitment to developing policies that integrate responsible practices into daily business operations. Social responsibility is not just about managing, reducing and avoiding risk, it is about creating pportunities, generating improved performance, making money and leaving the risks far behind. High performance workplaces that integrate the views of line employees into decision-making processes It is an ethical ideology that an entity, be it an organization or individual, has an obligation to act to benefit society at large. This responsibility can be passive, by avoiding engaging in socially harmful acts, or active, by performing activities that directly advan ce social goals. Businesses can use ethical decision making to secure their businesses by making decisions that allow for government agencies to minimize their involvement with the corporation. (Kaliski, 2001) Company has responsibility to produce quality product and spread it to market area. When company makes decisions, it should be long term decisions. Those steps must be considerate: Improving interpersonal communication. Differentiate the decision conditions of certainty, risk, and uncertainty. Understand why managing is a synonym for decision-making. Though it will entail huge cost but it will help in making the decision ethically and will build a strong relationship with the client and the company will have a stand in the market. The decision needs to taken considering ethical constraint and ethical issues. Report: Codes of ethics are in part designed to protect practitioners against charges of malpractice, for practitioners who practice within these accepted guidelines can use them as some creditable measure of defense in cases of accused malpractice. Generally in legal cases, a practitioners behavior is judged by comparing it to the behavior expected of other practitioners in the same profession and in similar situations in accordance with accepted standards of practice. This reflects the community standard, which is what practitioners actually do, as opposed to the ethical standard of what they should do. Compliance with the code of ethics establishing ethical (not merely actual) standards of practice has some measure of validity in legal proceedings. When faced with an ethical conflict it benefits practitioners to think in terms of formal codes of ethics as providing the first (but not the last) line of assistance in the decision-making process. Responding to Siebers conditions that result in ethical problems, and acknowledging that they may share similarities, several writers have developed models for ethical problem solving and decision making. Tymchuk (1981) developed procedural guidelines that can be used as an ethical decision-making model. The model begins with a thorough description of the situation and involves obtaining information from all relevant sources including the parties involved, sources in the literature, and collegial consultation. From the information that has been obtained the critical issues involved are ferreted out and defined. The codes of ethics or other professional guidelines may be helpful in seeking a possible resolution. These guidelines may include state or federal guidelines or laws, licensing statutes and other educational and resource material such as published case studies that are similar to this situation. This process may not provide the right answer and might expose contradictory information; however, failure to find and acknowledge appropriate policies may have consequences later. With this additional information, evaluation of the rights, responsibilities, and welfare of all affected parties (including the community and the profession) may be assessed. When the issues have been defined and the affected parties identified, alternative decisions regarding each issue may proceed. This should proceed without regard to feasibility; the decision not to make a decision should also be included at this time. This process is analogous to a brainstorming session where ideas are generated and judgment is reserved for a later stage. This allows for the development of an array of options, possibly including the best-fitting one of all. Allowing for the possibility of each decision is followed by critical evaluation of the consequences of each proposed action and the time and resources necessary to effect each decision. The consequences should also be viewed from the standpoint of both short-term and long-term effects and their relevance to all parties identified. Benefits of a code of ethics: A code of ethics is a very important part of an organizations Social Responsibility. A code of ethics is a set of rules or moral guidelines that define and govern principles and actions in an organizational environment. Ethical behavior is beneficial for everyone because it protects the interests of the company or organization and the interests of everyone who comes into contact with the organization. Mutual Respect and Integrity: A code of ethics promotes an environment of respect based on integrity. When people know the code of ethics and follow it, this creates an atmosphere of trust, respect and confidence in the actions of each person involved in the organization or group. In the presence of a written code of ethics, employees at a company, for instance, are expected to behave a certain way toward each other and toward customers Trust and Honesty: Another benefit of a code of ethics is trust. Rules promote trust, especially when they are followed consistently. Management, who take the code of ethics seriously, gains the trust of their fellow employees. Those who work for the organization know that they will be protected in any situation Responsibility: When people take responsibility for their actions, everyone benefits. Responsibility is accountability and honesty, and holding yourself accountable promotes these good character traits in others who see them in you. This helps to create a cohesive and productive work force Code of Ethics Analysis: A code of ethics holds the mutual respect, honest, time, profession accountable to the public. If all employees commit to following a common code of ethics, it will produce mutual respect, honest and coherence among coworkers and organizations. I want to approach the situation with an example below: Presently Nokia is the world’s largest mobile telephone device manufacture. It is the most admired brand, ranking 5th position. Initially Nokia started as pulp industry in 1865 then in next 100 years it emerged as a powerful industrial conglomerate. The purpose of code of ethics for Nokia is to deter wrongdoing as well as promoting the standard of good corporate practices in the industry. The code of Ethics of the company applied to its CEO, President, CFO and Corporate Controller. The code of conduct of the company reveals that it aspires towards becoming the most aspired and loved brand in the world by considering not just what the company does but also how it does. The code of ethics of Nokia sets its approach towards ethical and sustainable business practices which is based mainly on the high ethical standards. The company respects and promotes human rights as well as fair workplace practices, equal employment opportunities, sustainable business in accordance with the environment and lastly zero-tolerance policy towards bribery and corruption. As the company products are technologically driven, so the user requirements are highly volatile. Nokia has to keep the pace and satisfy the consumer . There is always a progressive and continuous increase in customer involvement with technology and communications globally. The corporate practices of the company includes honest and ethical conduct, ethical handling of conflicts of interest, fairly and timely disclosures regarding all necessary information including the effectiveness of company’s control and procedures, compliance with laws and regulations of the state in which it is operating, and reporting of illegal as well as unethical behavior by any official of the company. When we look at the top companies, they always based mainly on the high ethical standards Importing thing is taking most improving companies as an example and implement their nice ideas in our companies. Finally, the probability of the actual occurrence of any of the identified consequences should be carefully weighed. Following the above process to completion results in as full a disclosure as is possible pertaining to the facts and circumstances relevant to the situation. Based on this, a decision is rendered. Ideally, this information (decision) should be shared with all parties involved to the extent possible. The decision that needs to be taken should highly focus on ethical issues and constraints.

Factors Affecting Pricing Decisions

Factors Affecting Pricing Decisions The market type of Lux is monopolistic competition. This type of market has many buyers and sellers due to the low barrier of entrance into the market and this makes the market more competitive. Example of the competitors like Dettol, Safeguard, Protex and others will sell differentiated products of soaps, at different prices in the market. The factors that affect the pricing decisions of Lux are the demand of the market and the taste of customers. In order to get hold of the heart of the consumer, Lux Soft Touch Beauty Bar has clearly stated its target market beauty soaps. Literally, Lux Soft Touch Beauty Bar is more towards female market. From the official website of Lux, it stated that Luxuriate in the sensation of moisturized skin with LUX Soft Touch liquid soap beauty bar, one of Luxs coveted skin care beauty secrets. Enriched with the exclusive Silk Protein Extract and Cherry Cream, it forms a light creamy layer, which covers your skin, helping to hold in the moisture that dry skin needs. Like a goddess dressed in a silk gown, youll leave for the day with self-confidence, feeling elegant and in command. From the above-mentioned, we can clearly see that Lux Soft Touch Beauty Bar is more for female that provide protection to their skin and make their skin smoother after using it. This is different from the other ordinary soaps that declare on anti-bacterial. This makes the female consumers more loyal to Lux. Since there are loyal customers on the market, the demand of will also increase or make a constant in the long run. And due to this, the price of Lux Soft Touch Beauty Bar will not confront to the huge changes of price in the market. 2.2.2 New Product pricing strategies In order to extend the line for its new product to sell in the particular market, market penetration should be the new product pricing strategies of Lux in order to increase sales and demand in this competitive world. To penetrate the market, Lux will not have any problem because its an existing brand with high reputation in the current market. But the following things should consider: Penetrating the brand of Lux means adding some new and attractive features on the product and also taking into consideration the effective communication which will turn into a new value proposition for the product. In order to increase more sales Lux should concentrate on the appropriate reduction of cost which will directly lead to gain leadership in price. Once price will be reduced more and more consumers will attracted to buy the particular product. Moreover by reducing the price of the particular soap Lux will again have growth in their product and it will be very helpful to survive in the competitive market. Lux will also have to do product development for the product line extension and it will be done through by introducing new body wash soap with an existing name and it will also launch new products like introducing Lux face wash all this will ultimately lead to increase in their sales and again to grab the new target market audience for the product. This strategy not only to increase the profit for the company but also to produce new products in the existing market for brand awareness to the consumers which will have greater impact on the consumer to buy the particular product at very low price and again to boost the sale for the personal care product. 2.2.3 Product Mix Pricing Strategies Lux is currently using product line pricing. Since Lux is a large brand, it manufactures many types of product. Therefore it needs to set price steps between various items in a product line based on: Cost differences between products The difference cost of products will affect the price of the products when market. The range of products includes beauty soaps, shower gels, bath additives, hair shampoos and conditioners. Customer evaluations of different features The customers of Lux are more on female. Therefore, Lux should always need to attract the attention of its target market to make sure they will consume the product of Lux. Competitors prices Lux are not only soap in the market, therefore it needs to take consider of the price of competitors when pricing its product. This will make a competitive advantage to Lux. Besides, Lux is also using product bundle pricing. They combine the Lux soft touch beauty bar 3 in 1 and offer the bundle at a reduced price. Pricing bundles of products sold together. 2.2.4 Price Adjustment Strategies The price adjustment strategies relate to all the strategies implemented by an organisation that takes into account the differences between customers and rapidly changing. Lux is using international pricing strategies. Lux is an international product and brand over 100 countries, so its priced differently for each of the countries. For example, the price of Lux in Malaysia is slightly expensive comparable to South Africa. This is because the economic level of South Africa is lower than Malaysia. Besides, Lux also uses promotional pricing techniques. The normal bundle of Lux soft touch beauty bar is 3 in 1, but sometimes, in order to increase demand, Lux will make it into 4 in 1. This will increase the consumer consume more unit of Lux soft touch beauty bar when this promotion.

Grapes Of Wrath :: essays research papers

The Grapes of Wrath   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  John Steinbeck’s novel, The Grapes of Wrath, is a story that takes place during America’s dreadful period of depression. Due to misunderstanding the nature of the entire situation, Steinbeck writes this novel to shine some light on the people about the great migration westward. This novel portrays the life of the Joad family who go through the harsh struggles of poverty and migration. They are forced to leave their drought stricken land in Oklahoma, hoping to find work in California, which to them is the land of opportunity, but soon they find out the horrors behind the picturesque mask. In their quest to reach the promise land, the women play a very special role in which they are distinct and contribute something to the Joad family and to the world.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The most authoritative figure is Ma Joad. She is a very strong southern woman whom the whole family looks upon for support. Ma is a lady who is both strong mentally and physically. Her understanding is acknowledged by the rest of the family to be supreme. Of her emotional strength Tom says. “Her hazel eyes seemed to know, to accept, to welcome her position, the citadel of the family, the strong place that could not be taken.'; (95)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The family felt what Ma felt and let her emotions be in control. “And since, when a joyful thing happened, they looked to see whether joy was on her.'; (95) Because of this she kept strong. She always wants happiness for everyone in the family, that’s why she stays strong. Ma knew that if she were to weak the whole family would fall apart.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  She realizes that they have no home and that the only value and meaning in life is that which they derive from being a family. She keeps the two cars together so they will not be separated and she forces decisions to be made for the benefit of the family. She understands the inner need of each individual member. Ma is to the family as pillars are to a building; if the pillar is weak, the building will soon collapse when anything afflicts it. Even until the end the whole family eventually does fall apart, she still stays strong. It is not because of her weakness that the family falls apart, it is because she allows them to live their own lives according to the way they want to and does not restrict them.

Prayer in Public Schools Essays -- Religion in Public Schools

Prayer in Public Schools Religion is one of the most controversial issues in society today. The concern of allowing prayer in schools is an on-going debate and has resulted in numerous lawsuits. Religious school clubs, after school activities, curriculums, and moments of silence during school are just a few of the court cases that judges have administered. People in favor of prayer in schools believe that their children can only learn certain values through religious practice. On the other hand, an individual against religious practice in schools views this issue as an infringement on his or her children’s rights as Americans. In a particular trial, Wallace V. Jaffree, an argument arose concerning a one-minute â€Å"meditation or voluntary prayer† in public schools (Wallace V. Jaffree). George Wallace, a governor of Alabama, agreed with the â€Å"1981 Alabama Statute (16-1-20.1) authorizing [this] 1-minute period of silence in all public schools† (Wallace V. Jaffree). The District Court agreed with Wallace and â€Å"ultimately held that the Establishment Clause of the First Amendment does not prohibit a State from establishing a religion† (Wallace V. Jaffree). In contrast, Appellee Ishmael Jaffree, a resident of Mobile County, Alabama objected this Alabama Statute. Since the one-minute prayer was voluntary, his children did not participate. They were then â€Å"exposed to ostracism from their peer group class members† for not participating (Wallace V. Jaffree). In the Wallace versus Jaffree trial, Jaffree has a stronger case because his complaints are justified through bo th the First and Fourteenth Amendments and the ideology of Separation of Church and State. According to the First Amendment, â€Å"Congress shall make no law re... ...a particular faith. Individuals against religion in schools do not want a faith to be part of a school day. Where do we draw the line? The individuals who support religion in schools have the right not to practice religion. In contrast, individuals against religion in schools have the same right to not practice religion. In this particular case, or any other cases that may occur in the future, further research can be accomplished by identifying the boundaries for each argument. Sometimes the issues are so closely related that the solution becomes difficult to distinguish. Other times, evaluating the opinions of others helps to gain a broad consensus of what the majority desires. With this further research, there could be a better understanding of individual’s opposing thoughts, which could help establish a common ground and a solution to different cases.

Critical Analysis on the Philosophy of Education

A philosophy of education, as a requirement for admission to any sort of education program, has within it the inherent fault that it may not be a truthful reflection of the applicant. Defining an instructor's philosophy, in regards to any area of supposed expertise, often results in page upon page of self-platitudes, false impressions and the required buzzwords. Does such an exercise actually reflect on the true actions and intentions of the instructor in regards to his methodology, success and creativity in the classroom setting? Does it accurately reflect his relationship to his students, and vice versa? Is such a philosophy something that can be accurately described in mere words, or is it something better viewed in the physical space of learning? It appears that most philosophies beg, borrow and steal from the latest theories of what is considered to be the well-rounded educator. The writer is forced to fill the required assignment with various educational stances and statements while often never developing their own personal mission statement. They are often afraid to say what they truly believe in, instead stating what they think those that judge the work are seeking. Such a philosophy can be seen on paper, but is it visible in the classroom setting? Can you tell how talented, or horrible, a teacher I am from this simple reading? Or would a trip into my classroom for an entire day give a more comprehensive and factual assessment of my true educational philosophy. My philosophy, or what I practice everyday in the educational setting, is simple and memorable. This philosophy, which has so far been successful in my short career, is to actually know your students and treat them as individuals. When teaching becomes difficult, always remember that they are only kids. Each one is vastly different than the next, and no two are even remotely alike. Each has varied interests, faults, problems, successes and distractions. Each has different, though not necessarily wrong, expectations, results and goals. There are no perfect students, and each must be evaluated on their own personal gains. The first step in accomplishing this philosophy of respect is focused, as everything should be, on the student. So often teachers grumble about the absence of respect aimed towards them, all the while ignoring the need for the student's own validation of worthiness as an individual and simply not an occupied seat. Every year, six or seven students are removed from other classes and placed into mine. In each instance, demeaning remarks from an instructor orlack of communication? is the reason for the switch. I have found adapting my approach towards these students is often all that is needed to seem some educational gains. Does this mean that every student succeeds? Of course not, but those that make the effort without simply giving up do succeed, even if it is unnoticed by others. I attempt to do simple enforcement of this philosophy everyday in, and out of, the classroom. For example, I attempt to avoid being patronizing and condescending. I recommend teachers actually listen to the students when they talk, and when they do not utter a word. Treat all students the same, but also as individuals who are each unique in their own incredible way. They are just kids, so don't expect perfection. It is fine to set reasonable and challenging goals for students in relation to their skills and talents, but to expect them to live up to unattainable standards, such as your own, dooms them to failure. Know their limitations, and your own. All of this involves the instructor to take the time, effort and interest in actually knowing each student as the individual they truly are, both in and outside of the school setting. Failure to do so limits the effectiveness of any type of learning endeavor. The only losers in such a situation are the students themselves and may be detrimental to the entire educational process. Such loss that may possibly be subtle enough to go unnoticed by all those involved. My education philosophy is not one thousand words in length, nor do I believe that any such personal mission statement should be expected to accomplish this feat. To do so would cloud its importance in vague assumptions and possibly pompous platitudes. It should be seen every day in the success, failure, effort, sacrifices, and abilities of the individual student, not in words and phrases with questionable intentions. Such a value statement can only be seen in the educational setting.

Steam Jet Refrigeration Cycle

Chemical Engineering and Processing 41 (2002) 551– 561 www. elsevier. com/locate/cep Evaluation of steam jet ejectors Hisham El-Dessouky *, Hisham Ettouney, Imad Alatiqi, Ghada Al-Nuwaibit Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering and Petroleum, Kuwait Uni6ersity, P. O. Box 5969, Safat 13060, Kuwait Received 4 April 2001; received in revised form 26 September 2001; accepted 27 September 2001 Abstract Steam jet ejectors are an essential part in refrigeration and air conditioning, desalination, petroleum re? ning, petrochemical and chemical industries.The ejectors form an integral part of distillation columns, condensers and other heat exchange processes. In this study, semi-empirical models are developed for design and rating of steam jet ejectors. The model gives the entrainment ratio as a function of the expansion ratio and the pressures of the entrained vapor, motive steam and compressed vapor. Also, correlations are developed for the motive steam pressure a t the nozzle exit as a function of the evaporator and condenser pressures and the area ratios as a function of the entrainment ratio and the stream pressures. This allows for full design of the ejector, where de? ing the ejector load and the pressures of the motive steam, evaporator and condenser gives the entrainment ratio, the motive steam pressure at the nozzle outlet and the cross section areas of the diffuser and the nozzle. The developed correlations are based on large database that includes manufacturer design data and experimental data. The model includes correlations for the choked ? ow with compression ratios above 1. 8. In addition, a correlation is provided for the non-choked ? ow with compression ratios below 1. 8. The values of the coef? cient of determination (R 2) are 0. 85 and 0. 78 for the choked and non-choked ? w correlations, respectively. As for the correlations for the motive steam pressure at the nozzle outlet and the area ratios, all have R 2 values above 0. 99.  © 2002 Elsevier Science B. V. All rights reserved. Keywords: Steam jet ejectors; Choked ? ow; Heat pumps; Thermal vapor compression 1. Introduction Currently, most of the conventional cooling and refrigeration systems are based on mechanical vapor compression (MVC). These cycles are powered by a high quality form of energy, electrical energy. The inef? cient use of the energy required to operate such a process can be generated by the combustion of fossil uels and thus contributes to an increase in greenhouse gases and the generation of air pollutants, such as NOx, SOx, particulates and ozone. These pollutants have adverse effects on human health and the environment. In addition, MVC refrigeration and cooling cycles use unfriendly chloro-? oro-carbon compounds (CFCs), which, upon release, contributes to the destruction of the protective ozone layer in the upper atmosphere. * Corresponding author. Tel. : + 965-4811188Ãâ€"5613; fax: + 9654839498. E -mail address: [email  pro tected] kuniv. edu. kw (H. El-Dessouky). Environmental considerations and the need for ef? cient se of available energy call for the development of processes based on the use of low grade heat. These processes adopt entrainment and compression of low pressure vapor to higher pressures suitable for different systems. The compression process takes place in absorption, adsorption, chemical or jet ejector vapor compression cycles. Jet ejectors have the simplest con? guration among various vapor compression cycles. In contrast to other processes, ejectors are formed of a single unit connected to tubing of motive, entrained and mixture streams. Also, ejectors do not include valves, rotors or other moving parts and are available ommercially in various sizes and for different applications. Jet ejectors have lower capital and maintenance cost than the other con? gurations. On the other hand, the main drawbacks of jet ejectors include the following: ? Ejectors are designed to operate at a sin gle optimum point. Deviation from this optimum results in dramatic deterioration of the ejector performance. 0255-2701/02/$ – see front matter  © 2002 Elsevier Science B. V. All rights reserved. PII: S 0 2 5 5 – 2 7 0 1 ( 0 1 ) 0 0 1 7 6 – 3 552 ? H. El -Dessouky et al. / Chemical Engineering and Processing 41 (2002) 551 – 561 Ejectors have very low thermal ef? iency. Applications of jet ejectors include refrigeration, air conditioning, removal of non-condensable gases, transport of solids and gas recovery. The function of the jet ejector differs considerably in these processes. For example, in refrigeration and air conditioning cycles, the ejector compresses the entrained vapor to higher pressure, which allows for condensation at a higher temperature. Also, the ejector entrainment process sustains the low pressure on the evaporator side, which allows evaporation at low temperature. As a result, the cold evaporator ? uid can be used for refrigeration an d cooling functions.As for the removal of non-condensable gases in heat transfer units, the ejector entrainment process prevents their accumulation within condensers or evaporators. The presence of non-condensable gases in heat exchange units reduces the heat transfer ef? ciency and increases the condensation temperature because of their low thermal conductivity. Also, the presence of these gases enhances corrosion reactions. However, the ejector cycle for cooling and refrigeration has lower ef? ciency than the MVC units, but their merits are manifested upon the use of low grade energy that has limited effect on the environment and lower ooling and heating unit cost. Although the construction and operation principles of jet ejectors are well known, the following sections provide a brief summary of the major features of ejectors. This is necessary in order to follow the discussion and analysis that follow. The conventional steam jet ejector has three main parts: (1) the nozzle; (2) t he suction chamber; and (3) the diffuser (Fig. 1). The nozzle and the diffuser have the geometry of converging/diverging venturi. The diameters and lengths of various parts forming the nozzle, the diffuser and the suction chamber, together with the stream ? ow rate and properties, de? e the ejector capacity and performance. The ejector capacity is de? ned in terms of the ? ow rates of the motive steam and the entrained vapor. The sum of the motive and entrained vapor mass ? ow rates gives the mass ? ow rate of the compressed vapor. As for the ejector performance, it is de? ned in terms of entrainment, expansion and compression ratios. The entrainment ratio (w ) is the ? ow rate of the entrained vapor Fig. 1. Variation in stream pressure and velocity as a function of location along the ejector. H. El -Dessouky et al. / Chemical Engineering and Processing 41 (2002) 551 – 561 divided by the flow rate of the motive steam.As for the expansion ratio (Er), it is de? ned as the ratio of the motive steam pressure to the entrained vapor pressure. The compression ratio (Cr) gives the pressure ratio of the compressed vapor to the entrained vapor. Variations in the stream velocity and pressure as a function of location inside the ejector, which are shown in Fig. 1, are explained below: ? The motive steam enters the ejector at point (p ) with a subsonic velocity. ? As the stream ? ows in the converging part of the ejector, its pressure is reduced and its velocity increases. The stream reaches sonic velocity at the nozzle throat, where its Mach number is equal to one. The increase in the cross section area in the diverging part of the nozzle results in a decrease of the shock wave pressure and an increase in its velocity to supersonic conditions. ? At the nozzle outlet plane, point (2), the motive steam pressure becomes lower than the entrained vapor pressure and its velocity ranges between 900 and 1200 m/s. ? The entrained vapor at point (e ) enters the ejector, wher e its velocity increases and its pressure decreases to that of point (3). ? The motive steam and entrained vapor streams may mix within the suction chamber and the converging section of the diffuser or it may ? ow as two separate treams as it enters the constant cross section area of the diffuser, where mixing occurs. ? In either case, the mixture goes through a shock inside the constant cross section area of the diffuser. The shock is associated with an increase in the mixture pressure and reduction of the mixture velocity to subsonic conditions, point (4). The shock occurs because of the back pressure resistance of the condenser. ? As the subsonic mixture emerges from the constant cross section area of the diffuser, further pressure increase occurs in the diverging section of the diffuser, where part of the kinetic energy of the mixture is converted into pressure.The pressure of the emerging ? uid is slightly higher than the condenser pressure, point (c ). Summary for a number of literature studies on ejector design and performance evaluation is shown in Table 1. The following outlines the main ? ndings of these studies: ? Optimum ejector operation occurs at the critical condition. The condenser pressure controls the location of the shock wave, where an increase in the condenser pressure above the critical point results in a rapid decline of the ejector entrainment ratio, since the shock wave moves towards the nozzle exit.Operating at pressures below the critical points has negligible effect on the ejector entrainment ratio. 553 ? At the critical condition, the ejector entrainment ratio increases at lower pressure for the boiler and condenser. Also, higher temperature for the evaporator increases the entrainment ratio. ? Use of a variable position nozzle can maintain the optimum conditions for ejector operation. As a result, the ejector can be maintained at critical conditions even if the operating conditions are varied. ? Multi-ejector system increases the operating range and improves the overall system ef? ciency. Ejector modeling is essential for better understanding of the compression process, system design and performance evaluation. Models include empirical correlations, such as those by Ludwig [1], Power [2] and El-Dessouky and Ettouney [3]. Such models are limited to the range over which it was developed, which limits their use in investigating the performance of new ejector ? uids, designs or operating conditions. Semi-empirical models give more ? exibility in ejector design and performance evaluation [4,5]. Other ejector models are based on fundamental balance equations [6]. This study is motivated by the need for a simple mpirical model that can be used to design and evaluate the performance of steam jet ejectors. The model is based on a large database extracted from several ejector manufacturers and a number of experimental literature studies. As will be discussed later, the model is simple to use and it eliminates the need for iterative procedures. 2. Mathematical model The review by Sun and Eames [7] outlined the developments in mathematical modeling and design of jet ejectors. The review shows that there are two basic approaches for ejector analysis. These include mixing of the motive steam and entrained vapor, either at constant ressure or at constant area. Design models of stream mixing at constant pressure are more common in literature because the performance of the ejectors designed by this method is more superior to the constant area method and it compares favorably against experimental data. The basis for modeling the constant pressure design procedure was initially developed by Keenan [6]. Subsequently, several investigators have used the model for design and performance evaluation of various types of jet ejectors. This involved a number of modi? cations in the model, especially losses within the ejector and mixing of the primary and secondary streams.In this section, the constant pressure e jector model is developed. The developed model is based on a number of literature studies [8 – 11]. The constant pressure model is based on the following assumptions: H. El -Dessouky et al. / Chemical Engineering and Processing 41 (2002) 551 – 561 554 Table 1 Summary of literature studies on ejector design and performance Reference Fluid Boiler, evaporator and condenser temperature ( °C) Conclusion [19] R-113 60–100; 5–18; 40–50 Basis for refrigerant selection for solar system, system performance increased with increasing boiler and evaporator temperatures and decreasing condenser temperature. 20] R-113; R-114; R-142b; R-718 80–95; 5–13; 25–45 Comparison of ejector and refrigerant performance. Dry, wet and isentropic ?uids. Wet ? uid damage ejectors due phase change during isentropic expansion. R-113 (dry) has the best performance and R142b (wet) has the poorest performance. [21,22] R-114 86; ? 8; 30 Increase in ejector perfo rmance using mechanical compression booster. [8] Water 120–140; 5–10; 30–65 Choking of the entrained ? uid in the mixing chamber affects system performance. Maximum COP is obtained at the critical ? ow condition. [13] Water 120–140; 5–10; 30–60Effect of varying the nozzle position to meet operating condition. Increase in COP and cooling capacity by 100%. [23] R-113 70–100; 6–25; 42–50 Entrainment ratio is highly affected by the condenser temperature especially at low evaporator temperature. [24] R-11 82. 2–182. 2; 10; 43. 3 Entrainment ratio is proportional to boiler temperature. [25,26] R-114 90; 4; 30 Combined solar generator and ejector air conditioner. More ef? cient system requires multi-ejector and cold energy storage (cold storage in either phase changing materials, cold water or ice). [27] R-134A 15; 30 Modeling the effect of motive nozzle on system performance, in which the ejector is used to recover part of the work that would be lost in the expansion valve using high-pressure motive liquid. [28] Water 100–165; 10; 30–45 Combined solar collector, refrigeration and seawater desalination system. Performance depends on steam pressure, cooling water temperature and suction pressure. [4] Water [29] Water – Model of multistage steam ejector refrigeration system using annular ejector in which the primary ? uid enters the second stage at annular nozzle on the sidewall.This will increase static pressure for low-pressure stream and mixture and reduce the velocity of the motive stream and reduce jet mixing losses shock wave formation losses. [24] R11; R113; R114 93. 3; 10; 43. 3 Measure and calculate ejector entrainment ratio as a function of boiler, condenser and evaporator temperatures. Entrainment ratio decreases for off design operation and increases for the two stage ejectors. [30] R113; R114; R142b 120–140; 65–80 Effect of throat area, location of main nozzle and length of the constant area section on backpressure, entrainment ratio and compression ratio.Developed a new ejector theory in which the entrained ? uid is choked, the plant scale results agree with this theory. Steam jet refrigeration should be designed for the most often prevailing conditions rather than the most severe to achieve greater overall ef? ciency. [5] Mathematical model use empirical parameters that depend solely on geometry. The parameters are obtained experimentally for various types of ejectors. [31] R134a 5; ? 12, ? 18; 40 Combined ejector and mechanical compressor for operation of domestic refrigerator-freezer increases entrainment ratio from 7 to 12. 4%. The optimum throat diameter depends on the freezer emperature [9] R11; HR-123 80; 5; 30 Performance of HR-123 is similar to R-11 in ejector refrigeration. Optimum performance is achieved by the use of variable geometry ejector when operation conditions change. H. El -Dessouky et al. / Chemical Engineer ing and Processing 41 (2002) 551 – 561 1. The motive steam expands isentropically in the nozzle. Also, the mixture of the motive steam and the entrained vapor compresses isentropically in the diffuser. 2. The motive steam and the entrained vapor are saturated and their velocities are negligible. 3. Velocity of the compressed mixture leaving the ejector is insigni? cant. 4.Constant isentropic expansion exponent and the ideal gas behavior. 5. The mixing of motive steam and the entrained vapor takes place in the suction chamber. 6. The ? ow is adiabatic. 7. Friction losses are de? ned in terms of the isentropic ef? ciencies in the nozzle, diffuser and mixing chamber. 8. The motive steam and the entrained vapor have the same molecular weight and speci? c heat ratio. 9. The ejector ? ow is one-dimensional and at steady state conditions. The model equations include the following: ? Overall material balance (2) Expansion ratio ? ‘ 2pn k? 1   Pp P2 n (k ? 1/k) ?1 Pe P2 n (k ? 1/k) ?1 (6) M*2 + wM*2Te/Tp p e ‘ M 2(k + 1) M 2(k ? 1) + 2 (8) Eq. (8) is used to calculate M*2, M*2, M4 e p Mach number of the mixed ? ow after the shock wave 2 M2+ 4 (k ? 1) M5 = (9) 2k 2 M ? 1 (k ? 1) 4 Pressure increase across the shock wave at point 4 (10) In Eq. (10) the constant pressure assumption implies that the pressure between points 2 and 4 remains constant. Therefore, the following equality constraint applies P2 = P3 = P4. Pressure lift in the diffuser  n Pc p (k ? 1) 2 =d M5+1 P5 2 ? (5) ? (k/k ? 1) (11) where pd is the diffuser ef? ciency. The area of the nozzle throat A1 = where M is the Mach number, P is the pressure and is the isentropic expansion coef? cient. In the above equation, pn is the nozzle ef? ciency and is de? ned as the ratio between the actual enthalpy change and the enthalpy change undergone during an isentropic process. Isentropic expansion of the entrained ? uid in the suction chamber is expressed in terms of the Mach number of the entrai ned ? uid at the nozzle exit plane   P5 1 + kM 2 4 = P4 1 + kM 2 5 (4) Isentropic expansion of the primary ? uid in the nozzle is expressed in terms of the Mach number of the primary ? uid at the nozzle outlet plane Mp2 = ? ? (3) Er = Pp/Pe ? ? 2 k? 1 (7) (1 + w )(1 + wTe/Tp) here w is the entrainment ratio and M * is the ratio between the local ? uid velocity to the velocity of sound at critical conditions. The relationship between M and M * at any point in the ejector is given by this equation M* = Compression ratio Cr = Pc/Pe ? ? ‘ The mixing process is modeled by one-dimensional continuity, momentum and energy equations. These equations are combined to de? ne the critical Mach number of the mixture at point 5 in terms of the critical Mach number for the primary and entrained ?uids at point 2 M* = 4 where m is the mass ? ow rate and the subscripts c, e and p, de? ne the compressed vapor mixture, the ntrained vapor and the motive steam or primary stream. Entrainment ratio w = me/mp ? ? (1) mp + me = mc ? Me2 = 555 mp Pp ‘ RTp k + 1 kpn 2 (k + 1)/(k ? 1) (12) The area ratio of the nozzle throat and diffuser constant area        A1 Pc 1 = A3 Pp (1 + w )(1 + w (Te/Tp)) P2 1/k P (k ? 1)/k 1/2 1? 2 Pc Pc 2 1/(k ? 1) 2 1/2 1? k+1 k+1 1/2 (13) H. El -Dessouky et al. / Chemical Engineering and Processing 41 (2002) 551 – 561 556 ? The area ratio of the nozzle throat and the nozzle outlet A2 = A1 ‘  1 2 (k ? 1) 2 1+ M p2 2 M p2 (k + 1 2  ? (k + 1)/(k ? 1) (14) ? 3. Solution procedure ?Two solution procedures for the above model are shown in Fig. 2. Either procedure requires iterative calculations. The ? rst procedure is used for system design, where the system pressures and the entrainment ratio is de? ned. Iterations are made to determine the pressure of the motive steam at the nozzle outlet (P2) that gives the same back pressure (Pc). The iteration sequence for this procedure is shown in Fig. 2(a) and it includes the fol lowing steps: ? De? ne the design parameters, which include the entrainment ratio (w ), the ? ow rate of the compressed ? ? ? ? vapor (mc) and the pressures of the entrained vapor, ompressed vapor and motive steam (Pe, Pp, Pc). De? ne the ef? ciencies of the nozzle and diffuser (pn, pd). Calculate the saturation temperatures for the compressed vapor, entrained vapor and motive steam, which include Tc, Tp, Te, using the saturation temperature correlation given in the appendix. As for the universal gas constant and the speci? c heat ratio for steam, their values are taken as 0. 462 and 1. 3. The ? ow rates of the entrained vapor (me) and motive steam (mp) are calculated from Eqs. (1) and (2). A value for the pressure at point 2 (P2) is estimated and Eqs. (5) – (11) are solved sequentially to obtain the ressure of the compressed vapor (Pc). The calculated pressure of the compressed vapor is compared to the design value. A new value for P2 is estimated and the previous step is re peated until the desired value for the pressure of the compressed vapor is reached. Fig. 2. Solution algorithms of the mathematical model. (a) Design procedure to calculate area ratios. (b) Performance evaluation to calculate w. H. El -Dessouky et al. / Chemical Engineering and Processing 41 (2002) 551 – 561 ? The ejector cross section areas (A1, A2, A3) and the area ratios (A1/A3 and A2/A1) are calculated from Eqs. (12) – (14).The second solution procedure is used for performance evaluation, where the cross section areas and the entrainment and motive steam pressures are de? ned. Iterations are made to determine the entrainment ratio that de? nes the ejector capacity. The iteration sequence for this procedure is shown in Fig. 2(b) and it includes the following steps: ? De? ne the performance parameters, which include the cross section areas (A1, A2, A3), the pressures of the entrained vapor (Pe) and the pressure of the primary stream (Pp). ? De? ne the ef? ciencies of the nozzle and diffuser (pn, pd). ? Calculate the saturation temperatures of the primary nd entrained streams, Tp and Te, using the saturation temperature correlation given in the appendix. ? As for the universal gas constant and the speci? c heat ratio for steam, their values are taken as 0. 462 and 1. 3. ? Calculate the ? ow rate of the motive steam and the properties at the nozzle outlet, which include mp, P2, Me2, Mp2. These are obtained by solving Eqs. (5), (6), (12) and (14). ? An estimate is made for the entrainment ratio, w. ? This value is used to calculate other system parameters de? ned in Eqs. (7) – (11), which includes M*2, e M*2, M*, M4, M5, P5, Pc. p 4 ? A new estimate for w is obtained from Eq. 13). ? The error in w is determined and a new iteration is made if necessary. ? The ? ow rates of the compressed and entrained vapor are calculated from Eqs. (1) and (2). 4. Semi-empirical model Development of the semi-empirical model is thought to provide a simple met hod for designing or rating of steam jet ejectors. As shown above, solution of the mathematical model requires an iterative procedure. Also, it is necessary to de? ne values of pn and pd. The values of these ef? ciencies widely differ from one study to another, as shown in Table 2. The semi-empirical model for the steam jet ejector is developed over a wide ange of operating conditions. This is achieved by using three sets of design data acquired from major ejector manufacturers, which includes Croll Reynolds, Graham and Schutte – Koerting. Also, several sets of experimental data are extracted from the literature and are used in the development of the empirical model. The semiempirical model includes a number of correlations to calculate the entrainment ratio (w ), the pressure at the nozzle outlet (P2) and the area ratios in the ejector 557 Table 2 Examples of ejector ef? ciencies used in literature studies Reference [27] [32] [33] [31] [10] [24] [8] [34] pn pd 0. 9 0. 5 0. 7 –1 0. 8–1 0. 85–0. 98 0. 85 0. 75 0. 75 0. 8 0. 85 0. 7–1 0. 8–1 0. 65–0. 85 0. 85 0. 9 pm 0. 8 0. 95 (A2/A1) and (A1/A3). The correlation for the entrainment ratio is developed as a function of the expansion ratio and the pressures of the motive steam, the entrained vapor and the compressed vapor. The correlation for the pressure at the nozzle outlet is developed as a function of the evaporator and condenser pressures. The correlations for the ejector area ratios are de? ned in terms of the system pressures and the entrainment ratio. Table 3 shows a summary of the ranges of the experimental and the design data.The table also includes the ranges for the data reported by Power [12]. A summary of the experimental data, which is used to develop the semi-empirical model is shown in Table 4. The data includes measurements by the following investigators: ? Eames et al. [8] obtained the data for a compression ratio of 3 – 6, expansion ratio 160 – 415 and entrainment ratio of 0. 17 – 0. 58. The measurements are obtained for an area ratio of 90 for the diffuser and the nozzle throat. ? Munday and Bagster [4] obtained the data for a compression ratio of 1. 8 – 2, expansion ratio of 356 – 522 and entrainment ratio of 0. 57 – 0. 905.The measurements are obtained for an area ratio of 200 for the diffuser and the nozzle throat. ? Aphornratana and Eames [13] obtained the data for a compression ratio of 4. 6 – 5. 3, expansion ratio of 309. 4 and entrainment ratio of 0. 11 – 0. 22. The measurements are obtained for an area ratio of 81 for the diffuser and the nozzle throat. ? Bagster and Bresnahan [14] obtained the data for a compression ratio of 2. 4 – 3. 4, expansion ratio of 165 – 426 and entrainment ratio of 0. 268 – 0. 42. The measurements are obtained for an area ratio of 145 for the diffuser and the nozzle throat. ? Sun [15] obtained the data for a comp ression ratio of . 06 – 3. 86, expansion ratio of 116 – 220 and entrainment ratio of 0. 28 – 0. 59. The measurements are obtained for an area ratio of 81 for the diffuser and the nozzle throat. ? Chen and Sun [16] obtained the data for a compression ratio of 1. 77 – 2. 76, expansion ratio of 1. 7 – 2. 9 and entrainment ratio of 0. 37 – 0. 62. The measure- H. El -Dessouky et al. / Chemical Engineering and Processing 41 (2002) 551 – 561 558 ments are obtained for an area ratio of 79. 21 for the diffuser and the nozzle throat. ? Arnold et al. [17] obtained the data for a compression ratio of 2. 47 – 3. 86, expansion ratio of 29. 7 – 46. , and entrainment ratio of 0. 27 – 0. 5. ? Everitt and Riffat [18] obtained the data for a compression ratio of 1. 37 – 2. 3, expansion ratio of 22. 6 – 56. 9 and entrainment ratio of 0. 57. The correlation for the entrainment ratio of choked ?ow or compression ratios ab ove 1. 8 is given by W = aErbP cP d ec (e + fP g ) p (h + iP jc) (15) Similarly, the correlation for the entrainment ratio of un-choked ? ow with compression ratios below 1. 8 is given by W = aErbP cP d ec (e + f ln(Pp)) (g + h ln(Pc)) (16) vapor compression applications. As shown in Fig. 3, the ? tting result is very satisfactory for entrainment ratios between 0. 2 and 1.This is because the major part of the data is found between entrainment ratios clustered over a range of 0. 2 – 0. 8. Examining the experimental data ? t shows that the major part of the data ? t is well within the correlation predictions, except for a small number of points, where the predictions have large deviations. The correlations for the motive steam pressure at the nozzle outlet and the area ratios are obtained semi-empirically. In this regard, the design and experimental data for the entrainment ratio and system pressures are used to solve the mathematical model and to calculate the area ratios and motive steam pressure at the nozzle utlet. The results are obtained for ef? ciencies of 100% for the diffuser, nozzle and mixing and a value of 1. 3 for k. The results are then correlated as a function of the system variables. The following relations give the correlations for the choked ? ow: The constants in Eqs. (15) and (16) are given as follows P2 = 0. 13 P 0. 33P 0. 73 e c (17) A1/A3 = 0. 34 P 1. 09P ? 1. 12w ? 0. 16 c p Entrainment ratio Entrainment ratio correlation choked correlation non-choked ?ow (Eq. (15); Fig. 3) ? ow (Eq. (16), Fig. 4) ?1. 89? 10? 5 ?5. 32 5. 04 9. 05? 10? 2 22. 09 ?6. 13 0. 82 ?3. 37? 10? 5 ? ? 0. 79 a 0. 65 b ?1. 54 c 1. 72 d 6. 9v10? 2 e 22. 82 f 4. 21? 10? 4 g 1. 34 h 9. 32 j 1. 28? 10? 1 j 1. 14 R2 0. 85 A2/A1 = 1. 04 P ? 0. 83 c P 0. 86 p w (18) ? 0. 12 (19) The R 2 for each of the above correlations is above 0. 99. Similarly, the following relations give the correlations for the un-choked ? ow: P2 = 1. 02 P ? 0. 000762P 0. 99 e c (20) A1/A3 = 0. 32 P 1. 11P ? 1. 13w ? 0. 36 c p (21) A2/A1 = 1. 22 P ? 0. 81P 0. 81w ? 0. 0739 c p (22) 2 Fitting results against the design and experimental data are shown in Figs. 3 and 4, respectively. The results shown in Fig. 3 cover the most commonly used range for steam jet ejectors, especially in vacuum andThe R values for the above three correlations are above 0. 99. The semi-empirical ejector design procedure involves sequential solution of Eqs. (1) – (14) together with Eq. (17) or Eq. (20) (depending on the ? ow type, choked or non-choked). This procedure is not iterative in contrast with the procedure given for the mathematical model in the previous section. As for the semi-empirical performance evaluation model, it involves non-iterative solution of Eqs. (1) – (14) together with Eq. (15) or Eq. (16) for choked or non-choked ? ow, respectively. It should be stressed that both solution procedures are indepen- Table 3Range of design and experimental data used in model devel opment Source Er Cr Pe (kPa) Pc (kPa) Pp (kPa) w Experimental Schutte–Koerting Croll–Rynolds Graham Power 1. 4–6. 19 1. 008–3. 73 1. 25–4. 24 1. 174–4. 04 1. 047–5. 018 1. 6–526. 1 1. 36–32. 45 4. 3–429. 4 4. 644–53. 7 2–1000 0. 872–121. 3 66. 85–2100. 8 3. 447–124. 1 27. 58–170. 27 2. 76–172. 37 2. 3–224. 1 790. 8–2859. 22 446. 06–1480. 27 790. 8–1480. 27 3. 72–510. 2 38. 6–1720 84. 09–2132. 27 6. 2–248. 2 34. 47–301. 27 344. 74–2757. 9 0. 11–1. 132 0. 1–4 0. 1818–2. 5 0. 18–3. 23 0. 2–4 H. El -Dessouky et al. / Chemical Engineering and Processing 41 (2002) 551 – 561 559 Table 4Summary of literature experimental data for steam jet ejectors Ad/At Pp (kPa) Pe (kPa) Pc (kPa) Pp/Pe Pc/Pe w Reference 90 198. 7 232. 3 270. 3 313. 3 361. 6 1. 23 1. 23 1. 23 1. 2 3 1. 23 3. 8 4. 2 4. 7 5. 3 6 161. 8 189. 1 220. 1 255. 1 294. 4 3. 09 3. 42 3. 83 4. 31 4. 89 0. 59 0. 54 0. 47 0. 39 0. 31 [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] 90 198. 7 232. 3 270. 3 313. 3 361. 6 1. 04 1. 04 1. 04 1. 04 1. 04 3. 6 4. 1 4. 6 5. 1 5. 7 191. 6 223. 9 260. 7 302. 1 348. 7 3. 47 3. 95 4. 44 4. 91 5. 49 0. 5 0. 42 0. 36 0. 29 0. 23 [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] 90 198. 7 232. 3 270. 3 313. 3 361. 6 0. 87 0. 87 0. 87 0. 87 0. 87 3. 4 3. 7 4. 4 5. 1 5. 4 227. 7 266. 2 309. 8 59 414. 4 3. 89 4. 24 5. 04 5. 85 6. 19 0. 4 0. 34 0. 28 0. 25 0. 18 [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] 200 834 400 669 841 690 690 1. 59 1. 59 1. 71 1. 59 1. 94 1. 94 3. 2 3. 07 3. 67 3. 51 3. 38 3. 51 521. 7 250. 2 392. 3 526. 1 356 356 2. 0 1. 92 2. 15 2. 19 1. 74 1. 81 0. 58 1. 13 0. 58 0. 51 0. 86 0. 91 [4] [4] [4] [4] [4] [4] 81 270 270 270 270 270 0. 87 0. 87 0. 87 0. 87 0. 87 4. 1 4. 2 4. 4 4. 5 4. 7 309. 5 309. 5 309. 5 309. 5 309. 5 4. 7 4. 8 5. 04 5. 16 5. 39 0. 22 0. 19 0. 16 0. 14 0. 11 [13] [13] [13] [13] [13] 145 660 578 516 440 381 312 278 1. 55 1. 55 1. 58 1. 57 1. 59 1. 62 1. 68 5. 3 5. 3 5. 3 5. 03 4. 77 4. 23 4. 1 426. 5 373. 5 326. 280. 6 239. 9 192. 6 165. 1 3. 42 3. 42 3. 36 3. 21 3 2. 61 2. 44 0. 27 0. 31 0. 35 0. 38 0. 42 0. 46 0. 42 [14] [14] [14] [14] [14] [14] [14] 143. 4 169. 2 198. 7 232. 3 270. 3 1. 23 1. 23 1. 23 1. 23 1. 23 2. 53 2. 67 3. 15 4 4. 75 116. 8 137. 8 161. 8 189. 1 220. 1 2. 06 2. 17 2. 56 3. 26 3. 87 0. 59 0. 51 0. 43 0. 35 0. 29 [15] [15] [15] [15] [15] 29. 7 33. 5 37. 8 46. 5 2. 47 2. 78 3. 14 3. 86 0. 5 0. 4 0. 3 0. 27 [17] [17] [17] [17] 119. 9 151. 7 224. 1 195. 1 195. 1 186. 2 1. 7 2. 3 3. 9 1. 6 1. 9 2. 9 1. 8 2. 2 3. 3 1. 6 1. 9 2. 8 0. 62 0. 49 0. 34 0. 78 0. 64 0. 37 [16] [16] [16] [16] [16] [16] 2. 3 2. 3 2. 3 56. 9 38. 6 22. 6 . 3 1. 9 1. 4 0. 57 0. 56 0. 57 [18] [18] [18] 81 1720 1720 1720 1720 79. 21 116 153 270 198 198 198 57. 9 47. 4 38. 6 57. 7 51. 4 45. 5 37. 01 67. 6 67. 6 67. 6 121. 3 99. 9 67. 6 1. 02 1. 2 1. 7 143 143 143 143 560 H. El -Dessouky et al . / Chemical Engineering and Processing 41 (2002) 551 – 561 wide range of compression, expansion and entrainment ratios, especially those used in industrial applications. The developed correlations are simple and very useful for design and rating calculations, since it can be used to determine the entrainment ratio, which, upon speci? cation of the system load, can be used to determine the motive steam ? w rate and the cross section areas of the ejector. Acknowledgements Fig. 3. Fitting of the entrainment ratio for compression ratios higher than 1. 8. The authors would like to acknowledge funding support of the Kuwait University Research Administration, Project No. EC084 entitled ‘Multiple Effect Evaporation and Absorption/Adsorption Heat Pumps’. Appendix A. Nomenclature A COP Cr Er m M M* Fig. 4. Fitting of the entrainment ratio for compression ratios lower than 1. 8. dent of the nozzle and diffuser ef? ciencies, which varies over a wide range, as shown in Table 2. 5. Conclusions A semi-empirical model is developed for design and erformance evaluation of steam jet ejector. The model includes correlations for the entrainment ratio in choked and non-choked ? ow, the motive steam pressure at the nozzle outlet and the area ratios of the ejector. The correlations for the entrainment ratio are obtained by ? tting against a large set of design data and experimental measurements. In addition, the correlations for the motive steam pressure at the nozzle outlet and the area ratios are obtained semi-empirically by solving the mathematical model using the design and experimental data for the entrainment ratio and system pressures.The correlations cover a P DP R Rs T w cross section area (m2) coef? cient of performance, dimensionless compression ratio de? ned as pressure of compressed vapor to pressure of entrained vapor expansion ratio de? ned as pressure of compressed vapor to pressure of entrained vapor mass ? ow rate (kg/s) Mach number, ratio of ? uid velocity to speed of sound critical Mach number, ratio of ? uid velocity to speed of sound pressure (kPa) pressure drop (kPa) universal gas constant (kJ/kg  °C) load ratio, mass ? ow rate of motive steam to mass ? ow rate of entrained vapor temperature (K) ntrainment ratio, mass ? ow rate of entrained vapor to mass ? ow rate of motive steam Greek symbols k compressibility ratio p ejector ef? ciency Subscripts 1–7 locations inside the ejector b boiler c condenser d diffuser e evaporator or entrained vapor m mixing n nozzle p primary stream or motive steam t throat of the nozzle H. El -Dessouky et al. / Chemical Engineering and Processing 41 (2002) 551 – 561 Appendix B B. 1. Correlations of saturation pressure and temperature   The saturation temperature correlation is given by T = 42. 6776 ? 3892. 7 ? 273. 15 (ln(P /1000) ? 9. 48654) here P is in kPa and T is in  °C. The above correlation is valid for the calculated saturation temperature over a pressure range of 10 – 1750 kPa. The percentage errors for the calculated versus the steam table values are B 0. 1%. The correlation for the water vapor saturation pressure is given by  ln(P /Pc) = Tc ?1 T + 273. 15  8 ? % fi (0. 01(T + 273. 15 ? 338. 15))(i ? 1) i=1 where Tc = 647. 286 K and Pc = 22089 kPa and the values of fi are given in the following table f1 f2 f3 f4 ?7. 419242 0. 29721 ?0. 1155286 0. 008685635 f5 f6 f7 f8 0. 001094098 ?0. 00439993 0. 002520658 ?0. 000521868

Hidden Beauty of Indonesia

HIDDEN BEAUTY OF INDONESIA Located off the northwest tip of Bird's Head Peninsula on the island of New Guinea,  Raja Ampat, or the Four Kings, is an archipelago comprising over 1,500 small islands, cays and shoals surrounding the 4 main islands of Misool, Salawati, Batanta and Waigeo. It is a part of the newly named West Papua province of Indonesia which was formerly Irian Jaya. Raja Ampat scuba diving is the bees knees in the world of scuba.According to theConservation International Rapid Assessment Bulletin  and their more recent2006 scientific surveys, the marine life diversity for scuba diving in Irian Jaya is considerably greater than all other areas sampled in the coral triangle of Indonesia, Philippines and Papua New Guinea. In Raja Ampat, you can see different types of fish and corals. Raja Ampat is the place where coral species reach 75% of all known species and fish nearly 1,300 species. The Raja Ampat islands are a truly natural phenomenon with enormous biological dive rsity.The amazing marine landscape means that underwater photography should be on the top your list during your stay. If you are flying from Jakarta,you can take six hour flight to Sorong with a stopover in Manado. Alternatively,you can join a diving tour in Bali and fly from there For the marketing, Raja ampat can have 2 different methods. First method is with photography contest and the other method is video contest about this gorgeous place. Photos will be uploaded into social network for instance facebook, and twitter, also the photos will be promoted with newspaper, television, etc.The winner is the one who get the most votes. Obviously this competition will need support from all of the society. Besides marketing, Government should take care of the infrastructure in Raja Ampat. Hotel, transportation, and facilities are the core problems to attract other people and make them comfortable being in Raja Ampat, 5 stars Hotel with honeymoon and family package also with the room that can contain whole family in there and the room has a way directly to the beach so that they can have a pleasure time together will be one of the examples of it.We can found other example like making Finally to make Raja Ampat one of the most wanted destination for holiday purpose will need support start from all of the Indonesian society, government to every part of the Indonesian society. Together will be much easier than individual to make this happen. Hence if you care of your country you will have a great country and you will be proud of it.

Effect of Patient Preferred Music on Pain in Postoperative Patients

The relief of acute pain in adult postoperative patients continues to be a common problem despite the use of pharmacologic therapies. Unrelieved pain can cause various effects including: increased heart rate and blood pressure; increased need for oxygen; tachypnea; increased susceptibility to infection; and anxiety/fear (Swift, 2018). Nurses strive to provide the best care for their patients and this includes finding alternative ways to help with unrelieved pain. Providing music as an adjunct to the standard of care for pain has been shown to reduce acute pain in postoperative patients (Comeaux & Steele-Moses, 2013; Nilsson, Rawal, & Unosson, 2003; Zografakis-Sfakiankakis et al., 2017). The following research proposal intended for the institutional review board (IRB) will discuss the purpose of the study; background and significance; participants and methodology; recruitment; participant confidentiality; participant safety; consent process; risks and burdens; benefits; cost and payment; data and document security; and follow-up and dissemination of results.Purpose of StudyThe purpose of this study is to determine whether allowing patients to listen to their preferred choice of music compared to providing them with pre-selected instrumental music is more effective, when used as an adjunct to the standard of care for pain, on reducing the perception of pain in the adult postoperative patient.Background and SignificanceThe review of literature w as conducted by utilizing the following databases: Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL), Google, Nursing Times, and Research Gate. Search terms included: music therapy, music, acute pain and postoperative pain. The review of literature proved that music, when used as an adjunct to pharmacologic therapy, is effective in reducing postoperative pain. Pain is an expected outcome of a surgical procedure, however unrelieved postoperative pain can lead to complications, delayed healing and, if not dealt with effectively, can become chronic (Swift, 2018, p. 25). According to Nilsson, Rawal, and Unosson, (2003) the best practice for postoperative pain control management should include both pharmacological and non-pharmacological methods (p. 700). Comeaux and Steele-Moses (2013) reported â€Å"According to the Joanna Briggs Institute (2009), music therapy as a non-pharmacological adjuvant to opioid analgesia is best practice in the management of pain and anxiety† (p. 313). In their own study, Comeaux and Steele-Moses (2013) found that the use of music therapy improved patient satisfaction of pain management in the postoperative period (p. 314). Another study also found that using music as an intervention tool in the acute postoperative period could be useful in promoting patient's comfort and improving perception of pain (Zografakis-Sfakiankakis et al., 2017). Nilsson et al. (2003) reported that â€Å"Music is a non-pharmacological technique, that is inexpensive, non-invasive and has no side-effects that have been shown to reduce postoperative pain† (p. 700). Music therapy has been beneficial in treating patients with a wide range of diagnoses and is effective in reducing patients' perception of anxiety and pain as well as the need for analgesia (American Music Therapy Association, 2010). While it has been proven that music can reduce postoperative pain, the preceding studies used pre-selected instrumental or classical music, there is limited research available in the clinical setting on the effects music has on pain with regards to providing patients with preferred music choices compared to providing them with pre-selected music. inlay and Anil (2015) conducted a cold pressor test study to induce experimental pain to determine the impact of music type on pain and stated that â€Å"Simply listening to music may not be sufficiently effective for managing pain if the music is not enjoyable for the listener†¦the more likable the music is to the individual, the better the effects of music listening on the pain† (p. 56). Therefore, it is important for nurses to know which type of music to implement, preferred or pre-selected, as an adjunct to reduce unrelieved postoperative pain.Participants and MethodologyThis study will be conducted as an experimental prospective randomized clinical trial in a Level II Trauma Center that has a complete team of general, specialty and trauma surgeons who perform a broad range of multiple surgeries daily. The anticipated number of participants is between 150 and 200 in a 2 month period. The inclusion criteria includes all patients age 18 or over who will be having an ele ctive surgical procedure done, have an anticipated stay of 3 days or more, are alert and oriented and able to read and write English (for questionnaire purposes). Exclusion criteria includes any patient with hearing loss or hearing deficit making it difficult to hear the music. Data will be collected by placing participants into two study groups, the study group (preferred music choice) and the control group (pre-selected music). Using Zografakis-Sfakiankakis' (2017) random selection algorithm participants, if they meet the inclusion criteria, will be selected by the following: on a typical surgical day, half of the patients, the 1st and 3rd patient or every other, will be included in the study group and then the 2nd and the 4th and so on will be included in the control group. A questionnaire will be given to all participants, since both groups with be listening to some type of music, and will include questions about demographic data including: gender, age, race, type of surgical procedure. The remaining questions will ask the participant to rate their pain using the numeric rating scale (0-10) before the start of and after listening to at least 30 minutes of music; what type of analgesic what administered for their pain; If any other non-pharmacologic intervention took place (i.e. repositioning or application of ice); what was the patient doing before, during and after listening to music (i.e. lying in bed, up in chair, walking in room/hall, talking with visitor, reading etc.); and the date and total time listened to music between each pain medication administration (with at least 30 minutes per session). The study group will be given an easy to use MP3 player with FM radio capability and will also be able to request their preferred songs and music to be downloaded to the device by the nurse researchers. The control group will also be given an easy to use MP3 player, without FM radio capability, that is loaded with pre-selected, by nurse researchers, instrumental/classical music. All groups will be provided with earphones to use in order to prevent disruption to other patients.RecruitmentUpon check-in at the hospital for their elective surgery prospective participants, who meet the inclusion criteria, will be asked if they would like to be involved in a voluntary research study during their hospitalization. The researchers will introduce themselves, including their credentials, and will verbally inform the individual that the study is trying to determine the effects that music has, in addition to receiving the standard of care for pain, on reducing postoperative pain. They will be informed that MP3 players as wells as earphones will be provided to them and that they will be required to fill out questionnaires during the study. Participants will be informed on how their information will be kept confidential, the risks and benefits of this study and after which will be encouraged to ask questions.Participant ConfidentialityTo ensure participant confidentiality and anonymity participants will be assigned a number that will be included on their questionnaires. The number that they are assigned will be determined by the order in which they leave the post anesthesia care unit (PACU). When leaving the PACU the nurse will give the known participants a manila folder that will contain the numbered questionnaires, MP3 player and instructions on use. The first paper that the participant will see when opening the folder will include a statement to them ensuring that the information that is collected from this study from them will not be divulged to others without permission. The instructions will inform the participants to place all questionnaires and MP3 player back in the envelope upon discharge, seal it and then leave it in the designated locked box at the nurses' station.Participant SafetyListening to music is beneficial, not harmful and non-invasive. Participants will still receive the standard of care for pain. Therefore, in this study there is no risk for harm or harmful deception as both groups will be provided with a music intervention, either preferred choice or pre-selected, along with the standard of care for pain. There is no anticipated adverse events seen in implementing the intervention of music listening.Consent ProcessAs part of the recruitment process, which includes providing information about the study, its pr ocedures and allowing for questions, participants who have met the inclusion criteria will be informed that their participation in this study is voluntary and that if they choose to participate that they can withdraw at any time without consequences. The other components of the informed consent will include: basis for selection; duration of participation; risks and benefits; confidentiality of records; names of investigators and contact person; statement of voluntary participation and then signature lines which will indicate consent. Even though signatures will be obtained at the time of recruitment for informed consent, the researcher will not know the identity of the participant once the study begins as they will be assigned numbers randomly as they leave the PACU. All participants will be alert and oriented consenting adults. The participants will also be informed that once this study is finished that it is the goal to have it published in a journal for medical professionals to use as evidence for best practice.Risks and BurdensAs stated earlier, there is to harmful effects or risks in the intervention of listening to music. However, potential burdens of this study could possibly occur when filling out the questionnaire. The participants will have to take time and effort to fill out the questionnaire each time they use the music therapy along with taking prescribed medication. This can pose as a possible inconvenience for them as they will be in a perceived state of pain.BenefitsThere are many potential benefits to the participants who take part in this study. As stated earlier music therapy has been beneficial in treating patients with a wide range of diagnoses and is effective in reducing patients' perception of anxiety and pain as well as t he need for analgesia (American Music Therapy Association, 2010). According to the American Music Therapy Association (2010) in addition to the reduction of pain and anxiety participants may experience: improved respiration, lower blood pressure, improved cardiac output, reduced heart rate, and relaxed muscle tension (p. 4). Furthermore, the results of this study can be beneficial in providing nurses and other healthcare providers with knowledge about the best type of music to use, along with the standard of care, in reducing unrelieved pain for their patients. This information can be shared and may be beneficial as an alternative to reducing pain in various other types of patient populations as well.Cost and PaymentThere will be no cost to the participants of this study as the MP3 players and the earphones will be provided to them by the researchers. No incentives will be given in recruitment or for participation in this study.Data and Document SecurityDocuments for this study will be kept by the patient in the provided manila folder. Once the par ticipant is discharged the sealed manila folder will be turned in by placing it in the designated locked box at the nurses' station. The folders will be picked up on a daily basis. Only the nurse researchers will have access to the locked box as well as the questionnaires. All questionnaire collected from the hospital will then be kept in a locked filing cabinet when not being used by the researchers. The data collected including informed consent will be kept for a period of 3 years.Follow-Up and Dissemination of ResultsParticipants will be given the researchers contact information and will have the option to contact the researchers after 3 months to either get the results of the study or be given an approximate date of when the results will be available. Upon completion of this study the aim is to present the research results at various presentations, submit the research results for peer review and then ultimately spread the knowledge and the evidence-based intervention through publication in a peer-reviewed journal.ConclusionIn conclusion, we have discussed the purpose of the study; background and significance; participants and methodology; recruitment; participant confidentiality; participant safety; consent process; risks and burdens; benefits; cost and payment; data and document security; and follow-up and dissemination of results. Researchers involved in this study welcome the critical evaluation of the IRB in order to ensure that the study will be conducted in a strong, ethical and legal manor.